Smart Fabrics with Sensors: The Wearable Tech Revolution You Didn’t See Coming

Imagine wearing a shirt that monitors your heart rate, a dress that lights up with your mood, or a soldier’s uniform that can transmit location and health data in real time. This isn’t science fiction – it’s the emerging reality of smart fabrics with sensors, also known as smart textiles or e-textiles. These are high-tech fabrics interwoven with sensors, microcontrollers, and conductive yarns to create clothing that “goes beyond mere attire; it becomes a tool for monitoring, enhancing performance, and providing data” spyscape.com. In other words, your clothing itself becomes a wearable gadget.

Smart fabrics represent a quiet revolution in wearable technology, one that many people “didn’t see coming” because it’s seamlessly hidden in the clothes we already wear. Unlike a smartwatch or fitness band, which are clearly electronic devices, smart textiles embed technology into the fabric itself. The result is garments that look and feel ordinary but can track vital signs, sense environmental conditions, and even react or adapt to data. From healthcare and sports to fashion and defense, this convergence of textiles and technology is opening new frontiers. Major industries are taking note – the global smart fabrics market, estimated around $6–8 billion in 2024, is projected to soar to tens of billions by the 2030s precedenceresearch.com, growing at over 30% annually precedenceresearch.com. What’s driving this growth is the promise that everyday clothing can become intelligent, connected, and responsive without sacrificing comfort or style.

In this report, we’ll explore what smart fabrics with sensors are, how they work, and their breakthrough applications across various sectors. We’ll highlight recent innovations (especially from 2024–2025) and hear from experts and industry leaders pushing this technology forward. We’ll also discuss the trends fueling this wearable tech revolution, the market’s rapid growth, and important considerations like privacy, regulation, and sustainability. Get ready to discover how the very fabric of our lives is being rewoven with technology – in ways you might not expect.

What Are Smart Fabrics with Sensors?

Smart fabrics with sensors (smart textiles or e-textiles) are fabrics that have digital components and electronic sensors integrated directly into them. In simple terms, these are “fabrics that incorporate electronic components such as sensors, LEDs, and microcontrollers” textilesinside.com. The textile itself is engineered to sense or respond to stimuli. Unlike putting on an external device, smart textiles weave the device into the garment. They can detect changes in their environment or the wearer’s body and often communicate that information for monitoring or trigger some action.

Key characteristics of smart fabrics include:

• Embedded Sensors and Electronics: Tiny sensors (for temperature, pressure, motion, heart rate, etc.) and conductive fibers are woven or printed into the fabric. This allows the textile to collect data about the wearer or surroundings. For example, a smart shirt might have electrodes or optical fibers in the fabric to measure heart rate and respiration electronics360.globalspec.com.
• Interactivity and Responsiveness: Advanced smart fabrics don’t just gather data – they can also act on it. A truly “smart” textile can respond to the sensor data by changing properties. For instance, materials now exist that can adjust their insulation when temperature sensors detect a change, effectively heating up or cooling down a jacket automatically electronics360.globalspec.com. Other fabrics can change color based on light exposure or even contract/expand with electrical signals.
• Seamless Integration: Smart textiles are designed to be worn like normal fabric – meaning they are flexible, often breathable, lightweight and (ideally) washable. The goal is to make the technology invisible to the user. “We’re starting a smartwear revolution to create light, washable, affordable assistive technology that will be indistinguishable from your current clothing,” says Dr. Vivian Mushahwar, a rehabilitation engineering expert leading a major Canadian smart clothing project ualberta.ca. In other words, smart clothes should feel just as comfortable as regular clothes, a key to user adoption.

Smart fabrics come in different flavors. Some are passive, simply collecting data (e.g. a shirt that measures heart rate). Others are active, meaning they can both sense and react – for example, a fabric that senses the sun and changes its UV-blocking properties or a sleeve that vibrates to give the wearer a notification. The most advanced are sometimes called “very smart” textiles, which incorporate AI or adaptive algorithms to learn and adjust behavior over time textilesinside.com. But broadly speaking, any textile that features built-in digital sensing can be considered a smart fabric.

To put it succinctly, smart fabrics with sensors transform clothing into wearable devices by embedding the gadgetry into the garment itself. A classic example is Google’s Project Jacquard jacket, a denim jacket made with touch-sensitive threads in the sleeve that let the wearer control their phone by tapping or swiping the fabric. This kind of integration blurs the line between electronics and apparel, creating new possibilities for what our clothes can do.

How Do Smart Fabrics Work?

Creating a smart fabric is a multidisciplinary challenge – it involves materials science, electronics, computer science, and textile design. Here’s a look at how these high-tech textiles are made and operate:

• Conductive Materials: At the heart of e-textiles are conductive threads or inks that can carry electrical signals. Traditional fabrics (cotton, polyester, etc.) are insulators, so smart textiles use special materials like metal-coated fibers (silver or copper threads), carbon-based fibers, or conductive polymers that can be woven into cloth textilesinside.com. These form the “circuits” in the fabric, connecting sensors and, if needed, small embedded electronics. Researchers have even developed fibers that are both flexible like yarn and conductive like wires – for example, a Washington State University team created a “cotton-like” strand with the electrical conductivity of a polymer, suitable for weaving into e-textiles fibre2fashion.com.
• Embedded Sensors: A variety of sensor types can be integrated into smart fabrics:
  • Temperature sensors – to measure body or ambient temperature.Pressure and strain sensors – often using piezoresistive or capacitive materials that change electrical resistance when stretched or pressed, enabling detection of motion, posture, or contact. (MIT researchers, for instance, wove pressure sensors into multilayered knit textiles to detect posture and movement soci.org.)Heart rate and bio-signal sensors – e.g. ECG electrodes made from conductive fabric that can pick up heart electrical signals on the chest, or optical sensors in a shirt for heart rate and oxygen like a built-in pulse oximeter.Motion sensors (accelerometers/gyroscopes) – tiny MEMS chips that can be mounted on fabric or encapsulated in buttons to track movement.Moisture and chemical sensors – fabrics can be treated or printed with chemistries that react to sweat composition, pH, or specific biomarkers. For example, researchers have developed bandages with sensors that detect infection markers in wound fluid greyb.com.Environmental sensors – such as microphones (for sound), gas sensors (to detect airborne chemicals), or GPS/location trackers. One cutting-edge example is the U.S. intelligence community’s SMART ePANTS program, which aims to develop clothing for agents that can record audio, video, and location data without visible devices textiletechsource.com.
  These sensors can be either intrinsically part of the fabric (like a conductive fiber that doubles as a sensor) or small modules attached in a way that doesn’t impede wear. The University of Cambridge’s “smart pyjamas” project shows how far this can go: they printed flexible breathing sensors onto pajama shirts to monitor sleep, and the sensors were so unobtrusive that the loose-fitting pajamas still felt normal cam.ac.uk. Yet, they could detect subtle chest movements from breathing and, using an AI algorithm, classify sleep stages with 98.6% accuracy cam.ac.uk.
• Data Processing and Connectivity: Raw data from fabric sensors needs to be collected and processed. This is handled by tiny electronic components integrated with the textile. Often a small, lightweight module – essentially a miniature circuit board with a microcontroller and Bluetooth (or other wireless radio) – is either embedded or detachable from the garment. In some designs, the module might be as simple as a little snap-on pod at the hem or collar. For instance, the Cornell “SeamFit” shirt for exercise tracking has a removable circuit board at the back of the neck that gathers signals from the sewn-in threads and transmits them via Bluetooth news.cornell.edu. The fabric itself acts as the sensor array, and the board handles data transmission to a smartphone or cloud where software can analyze it. Increasingly, this analysis involves AI or machine learning to interpret the sensor data. In SeamFit’s case, an AI pipeline interprets thread capacitance changes to recognize different exercises and count reps automatically news.cornell.edu – effectively turning the shirt into a gym coach.
• Powering Smart Textiles: Providing power to electronics in clothing is a major challenge – nobody wants to wear a heavy battery pack or have to recharge their t-shirt every few hours. Early smart garments often relied on small lithium battery cells, but innovators are finding creative, less obtrusive solutions. Energy harvesting is a big trend in 2024–2025, aiming to make fabrics self-powered. Researchers are integrating materials that convert ambient energy into electricity:
  • Solar power (photovoltaic) cells can be printed or woven into fabric surfaces to generate power from sunlight electronics360.globalspec.com.Thermoelectric generators produce power from temperature differences, for example using body heat – a 2024 breakthrough from University of Waterloo was a fabric that harvests body heat and solar energy to power its sensors sciencedaily.com.Piezoelectric and triboelectric fibers generate charges from movement or friction – meaning simply moving, walking, or even the rub of fabric can produce a trickle of power electronics360.globalspec.com. Imagine a running shirt that charges itself from the motion of your arms. These kinds of nanogenerator fibers have been demonstrated and could be woven inconspicuously.Another approach is developing flexible, textile-based batteries that can be embedded without bulk. Efforts are underway (some under the SMART ePANTS initiative) to create batteries shaped like yarn, flexible cells in garment seams, even stretchable batteries textiletechsource.com. While not yet common in consumer products, these innovations suggest that future smart clothes might not require any hard battery packs at all.
  The goal is to make smart fabrics “efficient, safe and lightweight” in terms of power so they don’t weigh the wearer down electronics360.globalspec.com. The Waterloo self-powered fabric is one example of progress: Professor Yuning Li, who led that project, noted that “printed sensors, including those embedded in smart fabrics, are ideal for continuous data collection… This new smart fabric is a step forward in making these applications practical” sciencedaily.com without needing frequent recharging.
• Manufacturing Techniques: To build complex sensor networks into something as ubiquitous as clothing, researchers are adapting textile manufacturing methods:
  • Weaving and knitting: High-tech yarns (conductive, optical, etc.) can be woven on standard looms or 3D knitting machines alongside normal threads. This allows mass production of sensor fabrics in theory. MIT’s research into digital knitting produced multilayered knitted fabrics with pressure sensors seamlessly integrated, using computerized knitting machines soci.org. The team even employed a technique called thermoforming (heat-setting the knit) to lock yarns in place and improve sensor precision soci.org.
  • Embroidery and sewing: Conductive threads can be sewn into existing textiles in specific patterns (for example, stitching a heart-rate sensor pattern onto a shirt). The Cornell SeamFit shirt was prototyped by simply using a home sewing machine to “couch” conductive threads into the seams of a standard T-shirt news.cornell.edu– a clever way to hide sensors in the garment’s structural stitching.
  • Printing and coating: Flexible electronics can be printed onto fabric using conductive inks. There are examples of screen-printed electrodes on clothes, printed antennas, even printed OLED lights on fabric. The Cambridge smart pajamas used printed fabric sensors for respiration cam.ac.uk. Similarly, teams have printed entire flexible circuits onto textiles that survived dozens of wash cycles electronics360.globalspec.com.
  • Hybrid approaches: Some products combine conventional small electronics with textile integration. For instance, a smart jacket might have a tiny detachable module (for Bluetooth, etc.), but the sensing element (like a touchpad or an antenna) is embedded in the sleeve fabric via conductive embroidery. The key is that design and material selection make these additions as unnoticeable as possible to the wearer.
• Durability and Washability: One of the biggest practical hurdles has been making smart clothes that can withstand regular use and laundering. Regular clothing is expected to survive bending, stretching, sweat, and washing machines – conditions that can destroy electronics. Researchers are addressing this by: choosing robust materials (e.g., stainless steel fiber blends, conductive polymers that don’t corrode), encapsulating electronics to be waterproof, and designing sensor layouts to minimize stress (placing them away from high-stretch areas, or using zigzag patterns for stretch). Still, “washability continues to be one of the main obstacles” to wider success of e-textiles electronics360.globalspec.com. Recent advances give hope: one team wove pressure sensors out of electrospun nanofiber yarn that remained highly stable after 10,000 bending cycles and even survived 100 hand-wash cycles electronics360.globalspec.com. As material science improves, we’re seeing smart fabrics that meet the basic durability consumers expect. The endgame is what IARPA’s Dr. Dawson Cagle describes – garments with sensors that maintain “stretchability, bendability, surface roughness and washability…comparable to a garment containing no sensor” textiletechsource.com. In short, you should be able to wear and wash a smart shirt just like any other shirt, without special treatment.

All these elements – smart materials, embedded sensors, data connectivity, power solutions, and robust design – come together to make a functional smart garment. A user might not see anything different about such a piece of clothing at first glance. But in use, the fabric is continuously collecting data (for example, your heart rate, breathing, steps, posture), and sending it to an app or device that gives you insights or alerts. Some fabrics might actively respond (e.g., a vibration cue for posture correction). The magic is that it’s largely invisible and natural. As Catherine Yu, who developed the SeamFit smart exercise shirt, put it, “we were interested in how we can make clothing smart without making it bulky or unusable” news.cornell.edu. That ethos – adding intelligence while keeping comfort – is central to how smart fabrics work.

Applications Across Industries

Smart fabrics with sensors have exploded into a wide range of applications. Initially found mostly in research labs and niche gadgets, they are now making inroads in healthcare, sports, fashion, the military, and beyond. In each sector, the allure is the same: leverage the ubiquity and intimacy of clothing to gather data or provide function in a way that’s more seamless and continuous than handheld devices allow. Let’s look at the key sectors and how they’re using (or planning to use) smart textiles:

Healthcare and Medicine: “Wearable Health Monitors in Every Fiber”

One of the most promising areas for smart fabrics is healthcare. In hospitals and home care, there’s growing demand for non-intrusive, continuous monitoring of patients. Smart medical textiles turn ordinary medical gear (or everyday clothing) into health monitors, offering a comfortable alternative to wires and patches.

• Vital Signs Monitoring: Smart garments can track vital health metrics round the clock. We already see shirts, vests, and even pajamas that measure heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, or temperature and transmit those to health providers. For example, companies like Hexoskin and ChroniSense have developed ECG shirts that record heart activity and breathing, useful for cardiac patients or fitness monitoring. In 2025, University of Cambridge researchers demonstrated smart sleepwear – “pyjamas” with printed sensors that accurately monitor breathing patterns and sleep stages at home cam.ac.uk. This could help diagnose sleep apnea and other disorders without an overnight hospital visit. “We need something that is comfortable and easy to use every night, but is accurate enough to provide meaningful information about sleep quality,” explains Cambridge’s Dr. Luigi Occhipinti, highlighting why such fabric innovations are valuable cam.ac.uk.
• Remote Patient Monitoring & Elder Care: With aging populations, there’s interest in clothes that can keep an eye on seniors’ wellbeing. Smart socks that monitor a baby’s oxygen (like the Owlet smart sock) or smart shirts for the elderly that detect falls or changes in heart rate are examples. These textiles can notify caregivers of trouble. In fact, experts see “integrating digital intel and connectivity into clothing for older people” as a key next frontier spyscape.com. If an elderly person’s smart undershirt detects an irregular heartbeat or a fall, it could automatically alert medical services – potentially life-saving for those living alone.
• Rehabilitation and Assistive Wear: Beyond monitoring, smart fabrics are being designed to actively help patients. Researchers are developing clothing that can provide physical assistance or therapy, such as compression garments that adjust pressure, or textiles that stimulate muscles. A major Canadian initiative in 2025 (led by the University of Alberta) is working on “smartwear” that can change its shape or stiffness to support joints and muscles during recovery ualberta.ca. The vision is for, say, a smart sleeve that stiffens to act like a brace during a certain motion, or pants that help lift someone who has muscle weakness. This could replace bulky exoskeleton rigs with something that looks like standard gym clothing. The project’s lead, Dr. Vivian Mushahwar, envisions “assistive technology that will be indistinguishable from your current clothing”, essentially wearable rehab devices that people will actually want to wear ualberta.ca.
• Smart Bandages and Medical Textiles: Not all smart “fabrics” are full garments; some are disposables or patches. Smart wound dressings are a prime example. Researchers at National University of Singapore created VeCare, a smart bandage that can sense a wound’s status – it detects temperature, pH, and even certain biomarkers to determine if an infection is present greyb.com. It even transmits the data wirelessly to an app. Such a bandage can alert patients and doctors to an infection earlier than traditional visual checks. In testing, it helped monitor chronic wounds and guided timely medical intervention greyb.com. Going forward, these intelligent bandages will need to clear safety and regulatory hurdles, but they exemplify how smart materials can improve medical outcomes.
• Ingestibles and Smart Bedding: Though clothing is the main focus, there are related medical textiles like smart bedsheets or hospital gowns that monitor patients in non-invasive ways (e.g., sensing if a patient leaves the bed, or tracking respiration through bedsheet fibers). The continuity of data collection – 24/7 monitoring without sticking electrodes on skin – is a huge benefit.

The common thread (pun intended) in health applications is improving patient comfort and data quality simultaneously. Continuous health data from comfortable smart clothes can lead to earlier interventions and more personalized care. As one medical expert noted, keeping people healthy at home with such wearables not only improves their quality of life but “will also make our health-care system more sustainable” by reducing hospital visits ualberta.ca. We are likely to see regulatory authorities like the FDA start classifying certain smart garments as medical devices in the near future as they prove their accuracy and reliability.

Sports and Fitness: “Every Athlete’s Personal Trainer (Woven In)”

Sports was one of the earliest adopters of wearable tech, and smart fabrics are taking it to the next level. Athletes and fitness enthusiasts are embracing clothing that can track performance metrics without the need for separate gadgets, enabling more natural movement and comprehensive data.

• Performance Tracking and Biometrics: Imagine running without a chest strap or smartwatch, yet having all your stats tracked. Smart sportswear – shirts, shorts, sports bras, socks – can contain heart rate sensors, accelerometers, and even EMG (muscle activity) sensors to gather data on your workout. These garments can log metrics like distance, speed, calories burned, and also more detailed info like your running gait or muscle activation. For instance, an ex-Puma designer’s startup, Nextiles, has patented fabric that captures biometric and biomechanics data by simply measuring how threads stretch during movement greyb.com. And Sensoria Inc., a leader in this space, offers smart socks and apparel that provide real-time feedback on running form (such as foot landing technique) using pressure sensors in the fabric emergenresearch.com. All of this helps athletes train smarter and reduce injury risk.
• Workout Logging and Coaching: The Cornell SeamFit T-shirt (2025) is a great example of how smart fabrics can serve as a personal trainer. With conductive thread sensors in its seams, it recognizes specific exercises and counts repetitions with over 93% accuracy, distinguishing a push-up from a sit-up automatically news.cornell.edu. After your workout, you just toss the shirt in the wash like any other. Such a garment can free athletes from manually tracking their workouts and even give feedback on form. Some yoga outfits with woven stretch sensors can detect if you’re holding a pose correctly and alert you if not.
• Environment & Comfort Management: Sports apparel companies are also using smart fabrics to help athletes perform in extreme conditions. We have textiles that cool or warm the wearer as needed, or that wick sweat intelligently. One interesting application is heated apparel controlled by sensors – e.g., a smart jacket that detects a drop in temperature and turns on embedded heating elements. This can keep a skier or mountaineer in their optimal thermal comfort zone. Likewise, cooling vests with phase-change materials can be triggered to cool an athlete when overheating is sensed. These responsive fabrics can maintain performance and safety by preventing heat stroke or hypothermia.
• Injury Prevention and Recovery: High-tech compression garments with sensors can monitor muscle fatigue or joint loading. If a smart compression sleeve senses that your tennis serve motion is deviating (a sign of muscle fatigue that could lead to injury), it might alert you to rest. There are also sensor-filled knee braces and shirts that aim to detect early signs of strain or improper form that could cause injuries. In team sports, some smart shirts measure impact forces (useful in contact sports to flag hard hits that might need concussion evaluation). Professional sports teams already use GPS and heart-rate vests in training; the next step is fully integrated smart uniforms that track players’ biometrics in real time during games for coaching insights.
• Examples and Adoption: Many sportswear giants are investing here. Adidas, for instance, has experimented with sensor-laden apparel for soccer training (smart insoles that measure kick force and running metrics) greyb.com. Under Armour developed a “smart” running shoe with embedded chip (though not a fabric). And startups like Sensoria and Athos have been selling smart fitness clothing for a few years. According to industry reports, “athletes and sports enthusiasts are increasingly adopting smart garments embedded with sensors that deliver real-time data on muscle activity, biomechanics, and more” grandviewresearch.com. The appeal is clear: rather than stopping to check a watch or carry a phone, the clothing itself seamlessly collects data as you move.

Perhaps the biggest endorsement comes from how these wearables solve a convenience issue. As Cornell’s Cheng Zhang points out, “Not everyone is willing to try out a new wearable form factor, but people will have clothes on… We provide a form factor that is always on you.” news.cornell.edu. In other words, you might forget to put on a fitness gadget, but you’ll always remember to put on clothes! That guarantees the data will be captured. With comfort improvements – for example, making smart workout gear that isn’t skin-tight or awkward – even casual gym-goers may start embracing sensor-enabled clothing. Smart fabrics in sports ultimately offer to democratize personal training, giving anyone access to data-driven coaching and injury prevention tools simply by wearing the right outfit.

Fashion and Entertainment: “Interactive Style – When Clothing Becomes Experience”

Fashion isn’t just about looking good – it’s a form of self-expression and art. Smart fabrics are injecting technology into fashion in creative ways, resulting in clothes that can light up, change color, play music, or otherwise engage the senses. Designers and artists are having a field day with these possibilities, producing garments that are as much high-tech gadget as they are attire.

• Illuminated and Color-Changing Fashion: One eye-catching application is LED-embedded clothing. We’ve seen haute couture dresses studded with LEDs that allow dynamic patterns or even animations on the dress. For example, fashion house CuteCircuit gained fame with LED gowns that can display text messages or color animations. Advances in flexible, tiny LEDs and luminescent fibers mean designers can create garments that glow without bulky components onlinelibrary.wiley.com, venuez.dk. There are already jackets that light up to the beat of music (popular at EDM festivals) and costumes for performers that change color via remote control. Researchers have even developed electroluminescent yarns that eliminate the need for hard LED diodes, making glowing clothes softer and more wearable onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
• Interactive Wearables: Some smart fashion pieces respond to user inputs or the environment. Imagine a dress that changes hue based on your mood (sensed via biometric signals) or earrings that pulse with your heartbeat. There are prototypes of clothes that react to sound or touch – e.g., a skirt that sparkles more when people speak up near it, or fabric that plays a note when you press on it. In entertainment, performers use interactive costumes that can be triggered as part of their act (think of an LED suit that lights different parts as a dancer moves). Fashion designers are essentially adding a digital canvas to clothing. As one design blog put it, “Smart Textiles in LED fashion mix traditional fabric with modern lights, allowing designers to tell stories through their work” venuez.dk.
• Fashion Meets Function: Some smart clothing blends style with practical function. A notable example is the Levi’s Commuter Trucker Jacket with Google Jacquard. It looks like a normal denim jacket, but the sleeve has touch-sensitive fabric and a tiny Bluetooth tag. You can answer calls or skip songs by swiping your sleeve, which is a convenience for cyclists or commuters who don’t want to pull out a phone. This is a case of fashion aligning with tech to create “functional fashion”. Another example: Tommy Hilfiger released a line of clothing with embedded Bluetooth tags that rewarded wearers for visiting certain locations (a marketing gimmick turning fashion into a game). High-end brands have toyed with smart accessories too – there are purses that change color via an app, and shoes with heated soles adjustable via smartphone.
• Expressive Displays and Communication: Researchers are pushing the envelope by turning fabrics into display surfaces. In late 2023, an international team created a 46-inch flexible fiber matrix display – essentially a big fabric that can show images and text venuez.dk. While still experimental, this hints at clothes that could literally show videos or messages. One can imagine a future where your shirt could display your current status or an animated design of your choosing. Even today, simpler versions exist: shirts that display equalizer bars that bounce to music (using flexible electroluminescent panels) were novelty items a few years back. The difference now is the tech is becoming truly wearable and washable.
• Entertainment Industry Use: Pop stars and performers have been early adopters of smart fashion to create spectacular visuals on stage. We’ve seen pop icons wearing light-up costumes or dresses that change form mid-performance (some outfits have mechanical elements too). The film and theater industry also uses smart textiles for special effects – e.g., an actor’s suit might have motion capture sensors woven in, or color-changing sections to indicate some magic effect live on stage. In themed entertainment (like theme parks), actors might wear reactive suits that coordinate with environment sensors (imagine a costume that sparkles when a certain sound plays).

All of this points to an evolving idea of clothing as a media platform. As one article quipped, products now range from “wound dressings that alert wearers to infection, to… fashion garments that play music and display messages and tweets.” soci.org. We truly have clothing that can tweet! Beyond the wow factor, fashion brands are intrigued because it offers new ways to engage consumers and personalize style. A dress could have millions of color options (no need to choose one at purchase), or could react to the wearer’s own data (a “mood dress”).

However, mainstream adoption in everyday fashion faces challenges: cost, comfort (early tech clothes can be rigid or heavy), and maintenance. But as the tech gets more invisible, we might see smart features popping up in regular apparel. A subtle example on the horizon is thermochromic fabrics (which change color with temperature) used in daily wear, or clothes with built-in NFC tags for digital experiences. The marriage of fashion and tech is still in a creative phase, but it’s giving us a glimpse of a future where what we wear is not only an expression of style but also a communication device and an experience in itself.

Military and Defense: “Warfighter Wardrobe 2.0”

The military has long been a driver of advanced technology, and smart fabrics are no exception. Armed forces around the world are investing in smart textiles to create next-generation uniforms and gear that enhance soldiers’ awareness, survivability, and effectiveness on the battlefield. This is often dubbed the creation of “soldier as a sensor” – turning troops’ clothing into part of the defense network.

• Health and Performance Monitoring: One of the simplest applications is to monitor soldiers’ vital signs (heart rate, body temp, hydration) and physical state (fatigue, stress) via their clothing. Commanders could know if a soldier is injured or overheating in real time. Indeed, most e-textile market analyses cite defense as a leading segment, often because militaries value things like soldier health monitoring and gear that can adapt to harsh conditions precedenceresearch.com. Smart shirts that detect wounds (e.g., sensing blood or sudden pressure changes) can alert medics immediately. If a soldier is knocked unconscious, a uniform sensor could automatically signal for help and pinpoint their GPS location electronics360.globalspec.com.
• Situational Awareness and Comms: The SMART ePANTS program (IARPA, USA) is an ambitious example: it aims to create clothing for operatives that can record audio/video and log location data covertly textiletechsource.com. Imagine a seemingly ordinary pair of pants and shirt that can act like a body camera and tracker, without the wearer needing to carry extra equipment. This would aid intelligence and reconnaissance, allowing agents to record interactions hands-free. It’s telling that in 2023 the US government put $22 million into this digital clothing initiative spyscape.com. The program’s challenge has been to integrate all these sensors while keeping the garments flexible and washable. Progress is steady: multiple teams have demonstrated components like fiber-shaped cameras and microphones embedded in fabric textiletechsource.com, flexible antennas for communication, and even garments that can reroute signals if part of the network is damaged textiletechsource.com (a kind of self-healing digital fabric, so one bullet hole won’t kill all connectivity).
• Adaptive Camouflage and Protection: Smart fabrics are also being explored for camouflage that adapts in real time to surroundings (think clothing that changes its color or thermal signature to match the environment – a high-tech “invisible cloak”). While that level of camo is still experimental, there have been advances in wearable displays that might one day achieve it. Another defensive use is uniforms that can detect chemical or radioactive exposure and change color to warn the wearer, or even react by neutralizing hazards (e.g., a suit that senses a toxic gas and its fabric contains microcapsules that release counteracting agents). Similarly, temperature-responsive uniforms can help soldiers in extreme climates – fabrics that become cooling in high heat or insulating in cold, activated automatically by built-in sensors.
• Power and Connectivity in the Field: Modern soldiers carry many electronic devices (radios, GPS, night-vision, etc.), and smart textiles can help manage that load. For instance, power-generating fabrics can extend battery life for gear by harvesting the soldier’s motion or body heat (reducing the need to carry extra batteries). Uniforms might have conductive textile wiring to connect devices distributed on the body (often called an e-textile harness), replacing many separate cables with cloth-integrated circuits. This concept is sometimes referred to as the “fabric area network.” The British military in the past worked on projects like this (e.g., BAE’s Broadsword Spine, a smart vest that powers and connects gadgets through e-textile pathways). Weaving communication lines and antennas into clothing also means soldiers become walking signal hubs, potentially improving communications range or creating ad-hoc mesh networks between troops.
• Examples and Trials: Many nations have active research in smart uniforms. The U.S. Army has tested health-monitoring T-shirts and is interested in “physiological status monitors” in apparel. The French military has looked into smart fabrics for infantry suits under programs like FELIN (adding sensors to combat gear). And recently, the Indian Army announced interest in smart uniforms with health and position tracking for soldiers in remote high-altitude deployments. On the more futuristic end, the European Space Agency collaborated with Denmark’s Ohmatex on smart textiles for space suits (monitoring astronauts’ vitals via shirts under their suits). Ohmatex, notably a top smart textile company, is known for developing textile-based sensors for extreme environments emergenresearch.com.

The military’s interest is a big validation of smart fabric tech. Defense use cases demand reliability and robustness (a life-or-death situation if a suit fails), which means any technology adopted here must be mature. The fact that defense is investing heavily suggests smart fabrics have reached a level where they see real potential. Indeed, defense and military currently make up the largest share (around 29%) of smart fabric end-use, according to market research precedenceresearch.com, and are expected to continue being a major driver for innovation in this field.

Beyond these sectors, other areas are also exploring smart fabrics:

• Industrial and Occupational Safety: Smart coveralls or safety vests can monitor worker fatigue, hazardous gas exposure, or improper posture. For example, a construction worker’s smart vest might detect if they’ve stopped moving (potential fall or accident) and call for help, or vibrate if they approach a dangerous zone. In mining or firefighting, smart uniforms can track teams and warn of environmental dangers (like high CO or temperature).
• Automotive and Transportation: Car seat fabrics with sensors can tell if a driver is drowsy (by monitoring heart rate or posture changes) and alert them. Smart upholstery could adjust climate control based on passenger state (too hot, stressed, etc.). Even aircraft are looking at sensor-laden seats for monitoring pilot or truck driver fatigue.
• Home and Lifestyle: Smart home textiles might include curtains that adjust transparency based on light sensors, or bedsheets that monitor sleep quality (if you don’t want to wear the Cambridge PJs, maybe your bedding will track your sleep instead!). There are also concepts like interactive furniture upholstery that responds to touch or use – blurring into the realm of interior design rather than clothing, but built on the same principles.

Given the rapid cross-pollination of ideas, it’s clear that if something can benefit from a fabric-based sensor, someone is trying it. To summarize the diverse landscape, the table below compares a few recent innovations (2023–2025) in smart fabrics across different sectors and their impacts:

(Table: Examples of smart fabric innovations in different sectors, illustrating the range from healthcare monitoring to athletic training to fashion and defense.)

As the table illustrates, the timeframe of 2024–2025 has seen significant breakthroughs: self-powered textiles for health, AI-driven smart clothing, mainstream manufacturing of luminous fabrics, and major government investments in smart uniforms. These advances reflect broader trends: an emphasis on usability (washable, comfy), multi-functionality, and integration with AI and big data.

We also see collaborations across disciplines – material scientists, fashion designers, AI experts, and engineers working together. For example, the SMART ePANTS involves everyone from textile weavers to battery chemists textiletechsource.com, and the Canadian smartwear project brought together health experts, designers, and even choreographers to design assistive clothing ualberta.ca. Smart fabrics truly sit at an intersection of industries.

Market Growth and Leading Players

The excitement around smart fabrics isn’t just academic – it’s showing up in market numbers and corporate strategies. The market for smart textiles and clothing is growing at a staggering pace, as both consumer demand and industry investment rise.

Market research indicates that:

• The global smart fabrics market (including various types of smart textiles) was valued around $6 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $80–90+ billion by mid-2030s precedenceresearch.com. That’s an expected growth rate above 30% annually precedenceresearch.com – extraordinarily high for any industry. Even more conservative estimates (focusing only on “smart clothing”) still see multi-billion dollar growth in the next 5–10 years. Drivers include the wearable health trend, IoT expansion, and military and sports adoption precedenceresearch.com.
• Defense and healthcare are currently among the largest end-use segments. As of 2024, defense accounted for roughly 29% of smart fabric usage by revenue (e.g., contracts for military smart gear) precedenceresearch.com. But sports and fitness is the fastest-growing segment, expected to expand at ~35% annually as consumer athletic apparel goes high-tech precedenceresearch.com.
• Region-wise, North America leads the market (nearly half of global share in 2024) precedenceresearch.com, thanks to tech innovation and defense spending, with Asia-Pacific poised for the fastest growth going forward (manufacturing hub and large consumer base) precedenceresearch.com.

In terms of industry players, it’s a diverse mix of textile companies, tech giants, startups, and collaborations. Here are some notable names and how they contribute:

• Tech Giants: Companies like Google and Samsung have shown strong interest. Google’s ATAP team developed Project Jacquard (with Levi’s) and also collaborated on smart backpacks (with Saint Laurent) insights.greyb.com. While Jacquard’s first products were niche, Google’s involvement signaled to the industry that big tech sees potential in the smart fabric interface. Samsung, for its part, has multiple patents in this space – from a smart shirt for lung monitoring (patent granted in 2019) gearbrain.com to sensor-laden business suits under a concept called “Human Fit” greyb.com. There’s even talk of Samsung exploring smart sportswear that could detect lung diseases via embedded microphones gearbrain.com. Apple has patents too (like fabric touch sensors to control devices, which could one day integrate into Apple Watch bands or clothing) greyb.com. These companies bring expertise in miniaturized electronics and software ecosystems, which will be crucial for mass-market smart clothing.
• Sportswear and Apparel Brands: Adidas, Under Armour, Nike, and others are either partnering with tech firms or developing their own smart apparel. Adidas introduced a sensor insole (AdiZero) years back and continues R&D – reports indicate their interest in integrating tech for athlete performance gear greyb.com. Under Armour acquired a tech clothing startup (OMsignal) to produce a smart shirt line in 2015, and though it didn’t become mainstream, the big brands keep experimenting (e.g., Puma’s self-lacing shoes, Nike’s smart shoe). Lululemon recently released a fitness wearable, and one can imagine them doing smart yoga pants next. Levi’s is a unique case of a fashion brand diving in early through the Jacquard jacket collab with Google. These brands have the consumer reach and understand comfort and aesthetics – vital for smart fabrics to be accepted by the public.
• Specialist Smart Textile Firms: A number of smaller companies focus exclusively on smart fabrics or e-textile integration:
  • Sensoria Inc. (USA) – Known for its smart socks and heart-rate monitoring shirts, aimed at runners and cardiac rehab. They emphasize comfort (textile sensors rather than chest straps) emergenresearch.com.
  • Clothing+ (Finland) – A pioneer in textile-integrated sensors, providing the tech behind many heart-rate sensing apparel and now part of Jabil Inc. They’ve worked on biomonitoring garments for both sports and medical uses emergenresearch.com.
  • Ohmatex (Denmark) – Develops custom e-textile solutions, collaborated with ESA for space, and contributes to European smart textile projects emergenresearch.com.
  • AiQ Smart Clothing (Taiwan) – Early innovator in integrating electronics into garments at scale, offering things like ECG shirts, heating garments, etc., with a focus on making the tech invisible emergenresearch.com.
  • Interactive Wear AG (Germany) – Provides integration services and has its own products embedding sensors and LEDs into clothing, often working with wearable electronics for industry and fashion emergenresearch.com.
  • DuPont (USA) – While a materials giant rather than a pure-play e-textile firm, DuPont has developed conductive inks and smart fabric materials (like their Intexar stretchy electronics for sports clothing). They leverage their material science background to enable others to manufacture smart textiles emergenresearch.com.
  • Gentherm (USA) – An expert in thermal management (known for car seat heaters/coolers), now applying their tech to heated/cooled clothing using smart textile integration emergenresearch.com.
• Collaborations and Consortiums: Because this field is multidisciplinary, many advances come from joint efforts. We see electronics companies partnering with fashion designers (Lenovo’s project with London designers to put tablets into clothes as LED displays venuez.dk), universities teaming with industry (multiple EU projects, like those funded under programs FP7/Horizon, link textile manufacturers with tech startups and research labs). The E-Textiles 2025 conference and similar events are bringing together these stakeholders to push standardization and share breakthroughs. Notably, standards bodies are starting to catch up – for example, IPC (known for PCB standards) has been developing standards specifically for e-textiles, acknowledging the need for guidelines on things like washability and electrical safety in fabrics greyb.com.

The competitive landscape is therefore quite rich. A Top 10 list of smart fabric companies in 2024 included a mix from Adidas and Google to niche players like Sensoria and Schoeller Textil emergenresearch.com. This mix shows that both ends – big consumer tech and specialized textile innovators – are working toward similar goals. Each brings something to the table: tech firms bring miniaturization and integration know-how, while textile firms bring knowledge of comfort, mass production, and materials.

Importantly, as products emerge, price points will determine how mass-market this becomes. Right now, smart garments are generally more expensive than regular ones (often by a few hundred dollars), which limits their market to enthusiasts or patients with specific needs. But with scaling and the involvement of giants like DuPont (materials) and Jabil (electronics manufacturing), we can expect costs to gradually come down.

Market projections are optimistic. Analysts at Precedence Research note that IoT integration and rising demand in defense, healthcare, and fitness are driving explosive growth, and they highlight that innovations in energy harvesting and AI are reshaping connected clothing precedenceresearch.com. As the technology matures, we might soon see smart fabric versions of everyday items on store shelves – from office shirts that correct your posture to smart socks that simply never let you wear mismatched pairs (yes, someone even put RFID tags in socks to sort laundry!). In any case, the industry is gearing up for the notion that, as GlobalData analysts put it, “smart clothing [will] become a $4bn market by 2030 with applications in sports, healthcare, and the military” spyscape.com.

Challenges and Considerations: Privacy, Regulation, and Sustainability

With all the promise of smart fabrics comes a set of important challenges and questions. As these technologies move from prototypes to everyday use, developers and society at large must address several issues:

1. Privacy and Security: Perhaps the biggest concern is that smart clothing, by its nature, is constantly collecting personal data – and sometimes extremely sensitive data (heart rhythms, location, audio/video of surroundings). This raises red flags about who owns and accesses that data. “Smart clothing constantly collects data ranging from biometrics to location information,” writes one analysis, and the integration of sensors (especially cameras or mics) “raises the specter of involuntary surveillance.” spyscape.com. For example, could a hacker intercept or hijack your smart shirt to track you or eavesdrop? Unfortunately, that’s not far-fetched. “One of the leading security concerns with smart clothing is the data that it collects… such as biometric information and location data,” which could be vulnerable to cyberattacks 4imag.com. Unauthorized tracking or recording is a risk if these systems aren’t properly secured spyscape.com.

Manufacturers will need to implement strong encryption, secure wireless protocols, and perhaps on-garment data processing (so raw data isn’t constantly transmitted) to mitigate these risks. Users will need transparency – clear answers to “What data is my shirt collecting, and where is it going?” There are calls for privacy standards specifically for wearable tech and smart textiles, akin to how we have HIPAA for health data or GDPR for personal data in the EU. For military and intelligence uses, robust security is a given; those garments will operate on closed networks. But for consumer usage, imagine insurance companies or advertisers wanting data from your clothes – ethical lines will need drawing. Data policies and possibly new laws will likely emerge as smart clothing becomes more widespread.

2. Data Accuracy and Reliability: In critical applications (health, military), the sensors need to be as accurate as medical or industrial devices. A smart shirt used for cardiac monitoring, for instance, may need regulatory approval and rigorous testing to ensure it’s detecting arrhythmias correctly. There are also challenges like calibration – fabrics might shift on the body, causing sensor readings to drift. Ensuring consistent contact (for ECG) or consistent pressure readings across different body types is non-trivial. Therefore, regulatory approval processes (FDA, CE marking, etc.) may slow down some health-related smart garments until they are validated. Early products might be marketed as “wellness” devices to avoid strict medical regulation, but their true utility may push them into medical device territory eventually.

3. User Comfort and Adoption: We’ve emphasized the need for comfort, and it cannot be overstated. If a smart fabric is itchy, heavy, or requires special care, people won’t wear it regularly. Consumer studies (like one in Fashion and Textiles journal) have found that some are wary of smart clothing because of fear it will be uncomfortable, too costly, or unfashionable ignitec.com, fashionandtextiles.springeropen.com. There’s also a psychological aspect: wearing something that monitors you can feel invasive. To overcome this, smart clothes must prove their benefit (what value am I getting for wearing this?) and be as effortless to use as possible. The designs need to be stylish or at least normal-looking, especially in fashion contexts. The good news is that progress in materials (soft sensors, transparent electronics) is making it easier to hide the tech. As one MIT researcher noted, digital knitting allowed them to integrate sensors “seamlessly… based on the shape of your body,” producing garments that people would actually want to wear soci.org. Continued collaboration with fashion designers will be vital so that smart clothes don’t scream “gadget” when worn in public.

4. Durability and Lifecycle: We touched on washability and durability from a technical view. From a consumer perspective, it’s about maintenance and longevity. If a $200 smart pants lasts only 20 washes, that’s a problem. Standardizing wash tests and care instructions for smart textiles is needed – perhaps ISO standards will emerge for e-textile durability. Some companies might opt for service models (e.g., you lease a smart garment and get it serviced or replaced regularly, similar to how some companies handle smartwatches).

There’s also the issue of battery life for those that rely on batteries – no one wants to charge their clothing daily. Energy harvesting aims to solve this, but in the interim, designs should minimize how often a user must plug in their attire. Low-power electronics and intermittent data collection (instead of continuous) can prolong battery life.

5. Sustainability and Environmental Impact: One rarely discussed aspect is what happens at the end of a smart garment’s life. Traditional clothing is often discarded or recycled, but electronics in fabrics complicate disposal and recycling. A shirt with circuits and sensors is essentially electronic waste (e-waste) as well as textile waste. Separating the components for recycling is challenging. If smart clothing becomes widespread, we could see a new e-waste stream unless solutions are developed. This has spurred research into recyclable or biodegradable e-textiles. For example, scientists have explored using cellulose-based conductive fibers that could make a smart garment compostable or at least more eco-friendly textilesinside.com. Some startups are using organic inks and fibers to reduce harmful waste. The SOCI article mentioned above highlights efforts to reduce waste in textile manufacturing by using sustainable materials for smart textiles soci.org.

Moreover, the production of smart fabrics can be more resource-intensive (it involves electronics manufacturing). Brands will need to consider the carbon footprint of these high-tech clothes. On the flip side, smart fabrics might contribute to sustainability if they enable, say, better health (reducing hospital resource use) or help athletes avoid injuries (less resource drain) – these are indirect effects though.

6. Standards and Interoperability: When you have clothes from different makers all collecting data, will there be common data formats or APIs so that one app can aggregate your “body data wardrobe”? Or will each smart clothing line come with its own proprietary app and ecosystem? Without standards, the user experience could become fragmented (imagine needing 5 different apps for 5 smart outfits!). Initiatives by groups like the IEEE and IPC to create e-textile standards are a good start greyb.com. These might cover things like electrical safety (so garments don’t shock you), wireless coexistence (so your smart socks don’t interfere with your pacemaker, for instance), and data formatting. Bluetooth SIG might define profiles specific to garment sensors. Interoperability will be key especially in healthcare, where doctors will want to integrate clothing data into medical records seamlessly.

7. Ethical and Social Questions: Beyond privacy, there’s a broader question of consent and surveillance. If workplaces start requiring smart uniforms to monitor employees, this could feel like invasive surveillance and raise labor rights issues. In some warehouses or delivery companies, wearable trackers are already used – smart fabrics could extend that to constant biometric monitoring, which is ethically dubious without clear consent and purpose. Society will need to decide what is acceptable: Is it okay for an insurance company to give you a discount if you wear their smart undershirt 24/7 (thus sharing your health data)? Or could that lead to penalizing those who opt out? Also, could these fabrics be abused for covert surveillance (spy gear disguised as regular clothing – a boon for espionage, as Spyscape’s article title “Are Your Smart Clothes Spying on You?” playfully suggests spyscape.com)? As with any tech, there’s potential for misuse.

Lastly, there’s the human element: will people trust and embrace these technologies? Historically, we’ve seen wearables like Google Glass face public backlash due to privacy worries. Smart clothing might avoid some stigma because it’s less obvious, but once it’s known that clothing can have cameras or mics, people may become wary in locker rooms or public spaces (“Is someone’s shirt recording me?”). Society might need new etiquette or even detectors to ease concerns (there are already “smartphone detectors” in sensitive areas; maybe “smart clothing detectors” could be a thing in security-sensitive zones).

In summary, the road ahead for smart fabrics involves not just technical innovation but also building trust and frameworks around their use. The good news is that these issues are recognized. Industry groups are prioritizing data security in smart garments to “foster user trust” loomia.com, and researchers frequently mention regulatory considerations in their studies (for example, the NUS smart bandage team explicitly stated the next step was addressing “safety, regulatory, and mass production considerations” greyb.com). It will be crucial for stakeholders – tech companies, policymakers, healthcare providers, consumer rights groups – to collaborate so that this promising technology improves lives without unintended harm.

Conclusion: Weaving the Future

Smart fabrics with sensors are transforming the very clothes on our backs into powerful technology – a true blending of the digital and material worlds. In a few short years, we’ve gone from basic experiments (like early 2000s LED t-shirts) to sophisticated textiles that can save lives, boost athletic performance, entertain, and protect us in ways we never imagined. This is indeed a wearable tech revolution hidden in plain sight. As one expert nicely put it, “The mix of tech and everyday fashion opens new doors” venuez.dk – doors to new services, experiences, and insights that only constant, intimate devices like clothing can provide.

From a big-picture perspective, smart fabrics are part of the larger Internet of Things (IoT) and ubiquitous computing trends, where computing moves into the fabric of everyday life. What’s more everyday than clothing? The potential impact is enormous: health metrics continuously monitored could lead to preventive healthcare breakthroughs; athletes breaking new records with hyper-personalized data; soldiers and first responders made safer and more effective; and fashion becoming a two-way interaction between the wearer and the world.

There are challenges to overcome, as we discussed – privacy, comfort, cost – but the trajectory is set. Innovations in 2024 and 2025 have shown that solutions are coming fast, from self-powered fabrics to AI-driven textile analytics. Major companies and governments are investing heavily, signaling confidence that smart textiles will be a significant part of future lifestyles and industries.

What might the average person expect in the coming years? It’s possible that in the near future you’ll buy clothing not just by size or color, but by functionality. Need a gym shirt that also serves as your fitness tracker? Done. A business suit that keeps you warm in a cold meeting room and tracks your stress levels? It could be on the rack. Hospitals may issue smart gowns that keep tabs on patients’ vitals, and the military might issue combat uniforms that double as soldiers’ digital link to command and medical support. The change may be gradual – we might not notice our clothing getting smarter piece by piece – but in a decade the difference will be striking.

Importantly, this revolution is one that must keep the user at its center. As Dr. Mushahwar emphasized, it’s about creating tech that’s “indistinguishable” from what we already comfortably wear ualberta.ca. Success will be when people choose a smart garment not because it’s a novelty, but because it’s simply a better garment – one that provides new value while still being a good pair of socks or a nice jacket. When smart fabrics achieve that level of integration and ease, the revolution will truly be woven into our lives.

In conclusion, the rise of smart fabrics with sensors is turning everyday textiles into an intelligent, interactive platform. It’s a revolution we “didn’t see coming” in the traditional tech gadget sense, because it’s literally been under the surface – in threads and weaves. But it’s very much coming, and fast. As our clothes get smarter, we gain the possibility to live healthier, safer, more informed, and expressive lives. The era of “data-wise dressing” spyscape.com is upon us, and it’s one where technology feels natural, even personal – as comfortable as a second skin. The fabric of the future is not just textile, and not just tech, but a brilliant fusion of both. And we’ll be wearing it.

Sources:

1. University of Waterloo – “Smart fabric converts body heat into electricity.” (ScienceDaily, Aug 14, 2024) sciencedaily.com
2. Textiles Inside – “E-Textile & Smart Textile” (Market overview and applications) textilesinside.com
3. Fibre2Fashion – “2023: Global breakthroughs in smart textile innovations.” (Dec 28, 2023) fibre2fashion.com
4. Cornell Chronicle – “Nice flex: AI-powered smart clothing logs posture, exercises.” (Apr 8, 2025) news.cornell.edu
5. Electronics360 (GlobalSpec) – “Smart textiles in 2025: Washable, comfortable and power-efficient.” (Mar 14, 2025) electronics360.globalspec.com
6. University of Cambridge – “Scientists develop ‘smart pyjamas’ to monitor sleep disorders.” (PNAS research, 2025) cam.ac.uk
7. Textile Technology Source – “Next generation smart textiles are in development.” (Jul 29, 2024, on IARPA SMART ePANTS) textiletechsource.com
8. Precedence Research – “Smart Fabrics Market… USD 86.87 Billion by 2034.” (Report, Jun 30, 2025) precedenceresearch.com
9. Emergen Research (Blog) – “Top 10 Companies in Smart Fabrics Market in 2024.” emergenresearch.com
10. Society of Chemical Industry (C&I Magazine) – “Smart clothes enhancing health and performance.” (Issue 4, 2024) soci.org
11. University of Alberta (Folio) – “The ‘smartwear revolution’ begins: clothing with built-in sensors…”. (Mar 19, 2025) ualberta.ca
12. GreyB Insights – “The Growing Trend in Sensor-based Smart Medical Textiles.” (Blog, 2023)bgreyb.com
13. SPYSCAPE – “Are Your Smart Clothes Spying on You?” (Data & privacy concerns, 2023) spyscape.com